International Journal On Cyber Situational Awareness (IJCSA)
ISSN: (Print) 2057-2182 ISSN: (Online) 2057-2182
DOI: 10.22619/IJCSA
Published Semi-annually. Est. 2014
Editor-in-Chief:
Dr Cyril Onwubiko, Chair – Cyber Security & Intelligence, E-Security Group, Research Series, London, UK; IEEE UK & Ireland Section Secretary
Associate Editors:
Professor Frank Wang, Head of School / Professor of Future Computing, Chair IEEE Computer Society, UK&RI, School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
Professor Karen Renaud, Professor of Cyber Security, University of Abertay, Dundee, Scotland, UK
Situational Awareness: Examining Factors that Affect Cyber-Risks in the Maritime Sector
Kimberly Tam and Kevin D Jones
Abstract:
Standard risk assessments are used to define and prioritize threats within a sector. However, the rising number of cybersecurity risks in maritime are often temperamental to a range of environmental, technical, and social factors. A change during an incident can significantly alter the risks and, consequently, the incident outcomes. Therefore, agile, changing risk profiles are becoming more necessary in the modern world. In addition to static and dynamic, maritime operational risks can be affected by cyber, cyber-physical, or physical elements. This demonstrates the equal use of information and operational technology (IT/OT); however, most quantitative risk assessment frameworks focus on one or the other. This is not ideal, based on technological trends in the maritime sector. This article explores the factors that affect maritime cyber-risk and examines popular risk frameworks to see whether important maritime-related elements are unaccounted for. These findings are further examined with the results of a survey we conducted to assess the situational awareness of the sector around cyber-risks in maritime. Suggestions for future work on are then made based on our findings.
Keywords: Situational awareness, risk, maritime, information technology, operational technology, cyber-physical, IoT, autonomy
ISSN: 2057-2182
Volume 4. No. 1
DOI: 10.22619/IJCSA.2019.100125
Date: Dec. 2019
Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Tam, K., & Jones, K. (2019). Situational Awareness: Examining Factors that Affect Cyber-Risks in the Maritime Sector. International Journal on Cyber Situational Awareness, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp40-68.